The Age of Representation
This is one mark the passing of the Modern Ages, which were ages of representation in the arts. You can see it in painting, sculpture, writing. The goal of the Renaissance, Age of Reason, Victorian Age and all was to represent the world "als es wirklich war" (as it truly was). The words are Ranke's and refer to historiography, but look at Dürer's watercolor of a Young Hare, in which every hair [pun intended] is drawn in.
Likewise, the
novel was called "novel" because it tried to do in writing what Dürer and others were doing in painting. Hence, the appeal to all five senses, the dipping into different points of view, the vivid descriptions of the landscape and humanscape, the multitude of characters each motivated by his or her reasons. People were supposed to read a "novel" and say, "Yes, that is true to life." I've been there; I've known people like that.
It was part and parcel of the Scientific Age, in which all truth was objective and experienced from without. The Renaissance, or Enlightened, or Victorian reader did not "identify" with any of the characters, but rather "observed" them objectively.
The
Post-Modern Ages, which began about a hundred years ago, or even earlier in the arts, began to replace objectivity and description with subjectivity and impression. So, impressionism, and the mis-named "modern" art.
Nude Descending a Staircase is not a painting of a nude or a stairecase, which would be objective; but it is a painting of "descent," a subjective impression.
As visual arts became sketchier and more impressionistic, the written arts became interior and minimalist. One rarely sees the universal, omniscient narrator any more; one expects to ride the "novel" inside one of the character's heads. One we can "identify" with. Perhaps more than one character; but if you populate your book like Tolstoy or Dickens, the post-modern reader will complain that his head hurts and he can't keep the characters straight.